John Chambers (Cisco CEO) - The Role of Decisiveness and Decision Essay

John Chambers (Cisco CEO) - The Role of Decisiveness and Decision Making - Essay Example In October 2011, Cisco’s overall gain dropped by 8%, while prior in august this year, the total compensation had dropped by 36%, in spite of the fact that it later on rose by just a little edge of 3.3%. Investor esteem creation is one of the most significant methodologies in an association, and ought to be a need for a CEO; be that as it may, Chambers has bombed massively. As indicated by Rappaport (2006), administrators ought to consistently settle on choices that target augmenting esteem. Furthermore, now and again, it is savvier to restore the investors money in profit structure, instead of utilizing abundance money in ventures that wind up being ruinous. Accordingly, abundance money ought to be come back to investors whenever the worth making openings are not accessible. What's more, an association should concentrate on the exercises that add to long haul an incentive in the association. Conclusiveness is one of the significant characteristics of a fruitful CEO; the demons tration of being resolved is obvious in Chambers with the end goal that, notwithstanding the ascent of Cisco from $1billion to $40 billion followed by the difficulties in 2001, Chambers has kept on holding tight in the company’s administration. ... contends that the ceaseless recuperation of Cisco can be credited to the CEO’s initiative abilities, as he is known as a powerful communicator and help of representatives. Writing Review John Chambers, the Cisco’s CEO, has confronted both negative and positive comments concerning his job in the organization. The inability to convince the open that the company’s future profit are dependable is one of the current pundits. Chambers supplanted the top-down dynamic procedure with the advisory groups of administrators. This methodology required most directors to invest their energy in boards of trustees; this ludicrous framework was later on deserted. As indicated by Geothals, Sorenson, and Burns (2004, p.319), the nearness of the right data prompts educated choices, while conclusiveness makes space for ideal activities. All things considered, irregularity and inability to satisfy guarantees in a CEO makes a climate of doubt from the workers and the clients. Thusly, an open administration style adds to the advancement of trust, improved relational abilities, and listening aptitudes also. Nonetheless, incapable correspondence prompts poor cooperation because of absence of coordinated effort, decline in efficiency, and significant levels of turnover. Definitive directors know that their choices may not be successful; consequently, they leave space for alteration, and along these lines, they don't spare a moment to change their choices once they understand that their unique choices are not viable. This is obvious in Chambers case; for example, when chambers changed the company’s top-down dynamic procedure to manager’s board of trustees system, the new methodology demonstrated ineffectual as supervisors invested the vast majority of their energy in panels. In any case, Chambers rethought changing the methodology subsequent to finding that it didn't

The Tides: a Poetry Analysis

During the Romantic Period of writing, William Cullen Bryant made the splendid sonnet, â€Å"The Tides. † This particular sonnet is the account of watching the tides change. The vast majority of Bryant’s works are nature-situated and exploit different artistic terms. â€Å"The Tides† has a noteworthy significance, a few sentimental components, and utilizations numerous artistic gadgets. The general translation of â€Å"The Tides† is about what happens when the tides change. Bryant utilizes incredible portrayal in describing the rough oceans at elevated tide. Norbert Krapf broke down this sonnet and portrayed the water getting puzzling, not still and lake like. Krapf 6) The artist gives the water fierce attributes. â€Å"His creative mind changes the scene into a picture of constraint and imprisonment† (Krapf 7). The sonnet starts as a quiet, tranquil sea. Progressively all through the story, waters become increasingly fierce checking as the differen ce in the tides from low to high. The significance of â€Å"The Tides† can likewise be extremely profound. As the change to elevated tide strikes, the ocean diminishes its pressure and discharges. People experience precisely the same thing by diminishing pressure. Norbert Krapf additionally composes that â€Å"The Tides† is ground-breaking and the ocean longs for discharge. (Krapf 7)William Cullen Bryant composed â€Å"The Tides† during the Romantic Era. Bryant gave this sonnet numerous Romantic characteristics. Depicting the ocean previously and during elevated tide sees the demeanor of â€Å"longing for the past† While the ocean is getting rough, there is a feeling of the waters needing to become as tranquil as they were during low tide. The â€Å"love for the characteristic landscape† is portrayed all through the whole span of the sonnet. The storyteller portrays a rough scene of the tides as they change into a lovely scene of nature. Bryant por trays the magnificence of the ocean and his thankfulness for the ocean.The â€Å"concern for individual freedom† is additionally a sentimental disposition seen in â€Å"The Tides. † The sea waters are depicted as detained and needing to ease their pressure. At the point when the tides formally change, the ocean turns out to be free and discharges the entirety of its pressure. Numerous scholarly terms and gadgets are watched while perusing â€Å"The Tides. † William Cullen Bryant composes this sonnet beginning with poetic pattern and changes to versifying tetrameter. This sonnet is likewise written in ten quatrains. The rhyme plot ABAB is available in â€Å"The Tides. † Personification is seen commonly in this sonnet, for example, in refrain eight.Bryant portrays the ocean’s water as a detainee longing for discharge. Run-on lines are utilized all through the sonnet. â€Å"And, with a dour groan, abashed, they creep/Back into his inward caves† (Lines 23-24) is a case of a sudden spike in demand for line. â€Å"The Tides pass on through impressionistic symbolism a longing to get away from the draw of inestimable powers. † (Muller 254) Imagery is utilized intensely in this sonnet. William Cullen Bryant’s utilization of symbolism makes a striking image of the tides evolving. The tones of this sonnet are excellence, quality, savagery, and serenity.The tides wish for harmony and peacefulness, and subsequently long for the low tide to come back once more. This is the subject of â€Å"The Tides. † William Cullen Bryant’s lingual authority is seen by his exceptionally elucidating words, his rhyme plan, and his adoration for nature’s excellence. The abstract gadgets and subjects, sentimental components, and general significance of William Cullen Bryant’s sonnet â€Å"The Tides† portray this time period’s composing style. Bryant makes an excellent bit of writing that makes th e peruser consider the diverse â€Å"thoughts† of a wave when the tides are changing.The love of nature is a sentimental component that is portrayed commonly in this sonnet. This gives the sonnet a Romantic inclination. The symbolism Bryant utilizes makes a splendid showing of giving the peruser a portrayal of the tides at its break. â€Å"The Tides† is an excellent work by Bryant and an ideal case of a Romantic sonnet. Works Cited Krapf, Norbert. â€Å"William Cullen Bryant’s Roslyn Poems. † Under an Open Sky, Poets on William Cullen Bryant. New York: The Stone House Press, 1986. Muller, Gilbert H. William Cullen Bryant: Author of America. Albany: State University of New York, 2008.

Celebrates Launch of New Site COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Morningside Post Announces/Celebrates Launch of New Site COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Students at SIPA have their own blog, The Morningside Post (TMP), and have recently completed a redesign of the site.   If you are prospective student who lives in the New York city area and you wish to attend a launch party please see below for details.   The following comes from SIPA student Kristen Coco.   There will even be a raffle for an iPhone and the first drink is on the TMP crew! Community blog for Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs features student, alumni and faculty voices utilizing Web 2.0 technology. The Morningside Post, the community blog for the School of International and Public Affairs, welcomes prospective students to attend its launch party on Monday, February 23, 2009, right here in the Morningside Heights neighborhood. The student managed site features unique perspectives from nearly 100 SIPA students, faculty and alumni and is read in more than 100 countries around the globe. You’ll have the chance to check out the enhanced features of the new site, find out about our collaboration with The Huffington Post and win a new iPhone in the raffle giveaway (raffle at 8:30 p.m.). Enhanced features of the website include video recordings of notable speakers at SIPA; subscription services to posts according to author, region, and topic; RSS feeds; links to SIPA News; and space for student groups to post their own stories and events. TMP will also be cross posting content with dozens of other blogs that feature perspectives on international affairs, including The Huffington Post. Established in 2004, The Morningside has become a leading blog among graduate schools of international affairs and public policy in the United States, featuring intellectually curious and passionate bloggers, as well as readers from the SIPA community and throughout the world. Columbia professors including David Epstein, Andrew Gelman, Brigitte Nacos, Sharyn OHalloran, Jagdish Bhagwati, Anya Schiffrin, Thomas Lansner, Thomas Glaisyer, and Tanya Domi have provided their expert opinions on issues ranging from globalization and trade in the developing world to human rights and political development. The Morningside Post has also teamed with partners of the Global Public Policy Network (GPPN), including Sciences Po Paris, the London School of Economics and Political Science and the National University of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, to expand the global reach of student perspectives associated with SIPA. Student bloggers through GPPN hail from more than 10 countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Singapore, Germany, Mexico, Japan, Russia, India, Switzerland, Canada and Brazil. Recently, select student bloggers in GPPN schools participated in a live blog session facilitated by The Morningside Post on Election Day, offering opinions and analysis for the election’s implications in their respective countries. Additional participating schools included The Hertie School of Governance (HSoG) in Berlin, University of Tokyo’s Graduate School of Public Policy (GraSPP), Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo (FGV-EAESP ), Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) in Mexico City and The Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University) So come on out, meet the bloggers behind the posts, and learn more about the innovation in international affairs that’s taking place right here at SIPA! What:                             TMP Launch Party When:                           Monday, February 23, 7 â€" 10 p.m. (raffle at 8:30) Where:                         Village Pourhouse 982 Amsterdam Avenue,                 between 108th and 109th Streets Contact:                     editor@themorningsidepost.com

The Ecology Of Commerce By Environmentalist Paul Hawken

Part I: Introduction The Ecology of Commerce, written by Environmentalist Paul Hawken, is an insightful, although daunting, look into economic and corporate sustainability. â€Å" The first rule of sustainability is to align with natural forces, or at least not try to defy them†. This quote, spoken by Paul Hawken himself, is a perfect demonstration of the major theme he carefully analyzes within the book. Economics and the environment are two words that you often don’t see in the same sentence, despite the fact that the influence economics has contributes to the deterioration of our environment gravely. Part II: Background and Thesis Paul Hawken studies the many faults of the economic practices we adhere to globally. Whether or not we agree with his beliefs is a decision we as readers need to make. While an understanding of the environmental impacts is evident, as well as the biological changes it has put forth on humans, I question if individual change really makes a difference to the environment and the overall way the economy works. Hawken demonstrates a clear explanation to back up his statement of absolute resource destruction, but I believe he underestimates the change that may need to be done. I strongly believe we have reached a point in time where individual change is inadmissible, and in order to save our planet, large corporations and their accountability should be questioned. A world without sustainability, or more importantly a world without economic integrity,

Analysis Of Michael Lewiss Liar Poker - 1467 Words

Financial journalist and New York Times best seller, Michael Lewis is the author of many published books on various subjects ranging from politics to Wall Street. 2008 global financial meltdown with the build-up the housing and credit bubble during the 2000s are the main topics of some of his best sellers’ books: â€Å"Flash Boys†, â€Å"The Big Short†, and â€Å"Boomerang†. Rare storyteller’s ability to make the virtually any subject, lucid and compelling is the main reason of his popularity. He received an MSc in economics from the London School of Economics. After graduation, he worked for three years as an investment banker for Salomon Brothers before leaving to write his first book. Liar s Poker was based partially on his own experience at Solomon Brothers. His most current work includes columnist writing for â€Å"Bloomberg News† as well as contributing writer for â€Å"Vanity Fair† magazine. His freelance articles were published in â€Å"The New York Times† Magazine, â€Å"The New Yorker†, â€Å"Gourmet†, â€Å"Slate†, â€Å"Sports Illustrated†, â€Å"Foreign Affairs†, and â€Å"Poetry Magazine†. Mr. Lewis worked as editor and columnist for the British Weekly â€Å"The Spectator† and for â€Å"The New Republic†as senior editor and campaign correspondent. Mr. Lewis gained experience in television. For ABC-TV’s â€Å"Nightline;† he filmed and narrated short pieces. For British Broadcasting Corporation, he created and presented a four-part documentary on the social consequences of the internet. Recently Mr. Lewis recorded stories for the

Wisdom Question and H. Norman Wright Free Essays

Wisdom Khaled Sabri Instructor Curtis Jones Christian Excellence March 18, 2013 Wisdom Wisdom is the practical translation and application of the word of God to everyday life. It is an integration of knowledge, experience, and deep understanding that incorporates tolerance for the uncertainties of life as well as its ups and downs. There’s an awareness of how things play out over time, and it confers a sense of balance. We will write a custom essay sample on Wisdom: Question and H. Norman Wright or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are four components to wisdom: (1) Words from the wise, (2) Asking wisely, (3) being a person of understanding and (4) showing a little kindness. Beginning with words from the wise; H. Norman Wright states in his book â€Å"How to get Along with Almost Anyone† that; â€Å"The words you use connect you to other people. But how are you connected: by a cord that binds you together or a barrier which keeps you at a distance? † Wright provides us with an example of real life describing the experience at the Department of Motor Vehicles: â€Å"You’ll have to get in the other line. Didn’t you read the instructions? Or You’ll have to come back Monday Morning. When we use the word you as a part of an order or command, we usually end up punching someone’s resistance button†. Asking wisely connects with the words we use. H. Norman Wright states in his book â€Å"How to get Along with Almost Anyone† that; â€Å"Questions are an important part of human interaction. Some people use questions to deepen and enrich their relationships. But many people use questions to pry, maneuver, gain advantage, attack, trap, setup, or break down the defenses of the others. † We need to ask questions open ended as opposed to closed. A good example is â€Å"How do you like the restaurant? † as opposed to â€Å"Isn’t this restaurant awful? † One allows the other person to state their own thoughts and perspective while the other closes the other person out and just shows your own viewpoint. The third component is that we need to be a person of understanding. We need to understand where the other person is coming from and be able to put the attention on them and not just on ourselves. H. Norman Wright states in his book â€Å"How to get Along with Almost Anyone† that; â€Å"The major characteristic of a person of understanding is revealed in Proverbs 14:29: He who is slow to anger has great understanding, but he who is hasty of spirit exposes and exalts his folly†. The Fourth component is that we also need to show a little kindness . We all know what it feels like to be taken for granted. H. Norman Wright states; â€Å"Do you know what it feels to be taken for granted? you continue to give of yourself over a period of time and yet there is no response to, or recognition for, your efforts. Even we should be able to give freely and lovingly without expecting anything in return, most people respond well when their efforts are acknowledged†(Wright, H. N. , 1989) A little kindness can take you a long way in our path to getting along with others. These four components of wisdom are all steps in better ways to get along with others. By better understanding each other, and by possessing wisdom, you will be able to have better relationships with the people around you. The component that I feel is most applicable to me is asking wisely. A lot people have problems with this issue and it makes hard to respond to their words. By giving me your opinion other than asking me a simple question sometimes makes me feels oblige to answer the question the same way you want, thus depriving me from the right to say my honest opinion. Let’s go back to the example provided earlier, if you said: â€Å"Isn’t this restaurant awful? I feel I have no place to state my opinion or tell you exactly how I feel. In summary, understanding that true wisdom is understanding and following the Word of God can take you a long was in getting along with others. It is a two part system; translation and application. It is important to understand the Word of God; and it is equally important to apply it to our daily lives. References H. Norman Wright (1989). How To Get Along With Almost Anyone. Nashville, Tennessee: Royal Publishers Inc. Sackett Christopher (January, 22, 2013). Wisdom. Examiner. com retrieved march 17th, 2013 from http://www. examiner. com/article/wisdom-3 How to cite Wisdom: Question and H. Norman Wright, Papers

Osmosis and Salt Concentration free essay sample

Which saltwater concentration will have the most damaging effects on potato cells? Introduction Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Generally, water moves from a lower solute concentration into a higher solute concentration. This movement of water occurs due to the need for the concentrations in the cell and in the solution to be at equilibrium. A solution with a low solute concentration and a high water concentration is referred to as hypotonic. A solution with a high solute concentration and a low water concentration is referred to as hypertonic. When two solutions are isotonic, there is no net flow of water because the solutions have equal concentrations. When a cell is put into a hypertonic solution, it will lose water and plasmolysis- shrinking of the cytoplasm- may occur in plant cells. Without this water there is little pressure inside the cells and the plant can no longer support itself against the pull of gravity. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis and Salt Concentration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a cell is put in a hypotonic solution, it will gain water and become turgid, or swollen. In plant cells, this is the state in which the concentrations are balanced due to the wall pushing back on the cell and the plant is strongest. When they are in a hypotonic solution, the cells become inflated with water and the plant stands upright and is able to overcome the pull of gravity. Aim The aim of this experiment is to find out which saltwater concentration is most hurtful to potato cells and use this model to see how saltwater affects plants in general. Hypothesis The highest salt concentration (15%) will have the most damaging effects on the potato cells. Due to the solution’s high solute concentration and low water concentration, water will move into it and out of the cell, causing the cell to become plasmolyzed and weak. Control: the mass of each potato cylinder before it is put in any of the solutions. Independent variable: the solutions of varying salt concentrations. Dependent variable: the mass of each potato cylinder after it is put into the different solutions. Materials and Methods Materials for Saltwater Solutions 1. Table salt 2. Tap water 3. 4 Beakers 4. Pan 5. Wooden spoon 6. Teaspoon 7. Bunsen burner/ stove top . Graduated cylinder Procedure for Saltwater Solutions 1. Heat up 100 ml of tap water in a pan above room temperature, but do not boil. After the water is heated up, turn off the fire and start adding salt with a teaspoon. Stir the water with a wooden spoon as you sprinkle in the salt. Keep observing the water as it is being stirred. 3. When the water approaches 100% concentration, the salt crystals will no longer dissolve and they will remain whirling around in the water. Let it sit for a few seconds and then check to see if the crystals can still be seen. . If they have dissolved, then add more salt until they remain sitting at the bottom of the pan, at which point the solution is 100% saturated and cant dissolve any more salt crystals. 5. Let the water cool to room temperature. 6. After it reaches room temperature, carefully pour the liquid into a beaker labeled â€Å"100% salt concentration†. Do not allow the remaining salt crystals to go into the beaker. 7. Label another beaker â€Å"10 % salt concentration. † 8. To make the 10% salt concentration, pour 100 ml of tap water into the beaker. Then pour 10 ml of the 100% salt concentration into the same beaker. 9. Label another beaker â€Å"13 % salt concentration. † 10. To make the 13% salt concentration, pour 100 ml of tap water into the beaker. Then pour 13 ml of the 100% salt concentration into the same beaker. 11. Label another beaker â€Å"15 % salt concentration. † 12. To make the 15% salt concentration, pour 100 ml of tap water into the beaker. Then pour 15 ml of the 100% salt concentration into the same beaker. Materials for Osmosis Experiment 1. Potatoes 2. Electronic balance 3. 20 Plastic cups 4. Cork borer 5. Knife/ razor blade 6. Ruler 7. Distilled water 8. Salt concentrations (10%, 13%, 15%) Procedure for Osmosis Experiment 1. Separate the 20 cups into four groups of five. 2. Label one group â€Å"distilled water† trails 1-5. 3. Label other group â€Å"10% salt concentration† trials 1-5. 4. Label other group â€Å"13% salt concentration† trials 1-5. 5. Label other group â€Å"15% salt concentration† trials 1-5. 6. Use the cork borer to make 20 potato cylinders. They should all be 3 cm long. 7. Use a knife or razor blade to trim the cylinders so that they are all the same size and use a ruler to measure them. 8. Use an electronic balance to measure the mass of all the cylinders and record this information. This should be the same for all 20 cylinders. 9. Take five potato cylinders and put one in each of the five cups for trials 1-5 labeled â€Å"distilled water. † 10. Repeat step 9 for the other three groups of salt concentrations. 11. Let the potato cylinders incubate for 40 minutes. 12. After 40 minutes, take the potato cylinders out of their concentrations and use a paper towel to blot off the excess solution. Use the electronic balance to measure their new masses and record this information. The graph above shows the total change in mass of the potato cylinders before being soaked in salt solutions compared to after being soaked in salt solutions. The change in mass was averaged from five trials from each salt concentration. Analysis The data results show that the masses of the potato cylinders decreased when they were soaked in all the salt solutions, or the hypertonic solutions (the 15% salt concentration solution showed the most loss in mass). This means that water was moving out of the potato cells and into the salt solutions, which suggests that potato cells have a salt concentration of less than 10%. The masses of the potato cylinders increased, however, when they were soaked in distilled water, or the hypotonic solution. This means water moved into the potato cells, which demonstrates that potato cells have a salt concentration of more than 0. In the first graph, we can see the beginning mass compared to the ending masses. The beginning mass is an average of 0. 82 grams and has a standard deviation of 0 because all of the masses were the same. This suggests that any value outside of 0. 82 shows a significant effect on the potatoes. Conclusion and Evaluation The hypothesis was correct. The highest solute concentration (15%) has the most damaging effect on the potato cells. The water moved out of the cell when placed in the hypertonic solution and it caused the cell to become plasmolyzed. Using potato cells as the model, we can generalize that all plant cells will plasmolyze and the plants will wither and die when placed in a solution of higher solute concentration than the plant cells. This is the reason plants have to be watered constantly with water that has a lower solute concentration than the plant cells. They must remain in a turgid state in order to thrive, and this only occurs when the cells are placed in a hypotonic environment so the water can move out of the solution and into the plant cells. For this same reason, vegetables are sprayed with water at grocery stores. The plants are no longer attached to a source of nutrients where they can get water, so they are sprayed with water to keep them healthy and prevent them from withering and dying. Although this investigation is reliable, there are some errors that contribute to its decrease in validity. The number of trials performed is a drawback. There were only five trials performed per sample which is not enough to make a large scale rule for the results of the investigation. Also, any outliers in this small set of data would alter the results completely and make them inaccurate. A larger experiment, perhaps with 500 trials per sample rather than five, would offer more accurate results. However, in the interest of time and with regard to financial constraints, the resources are not available to repeat the investigation multiple times. There is also some human error involved that may contribute to somewhat inaccurate results. When measuring the water and the salt solutions using a graduated cylinder, there may be instances when not all the water is transferred from one place to another. This may cause slightly inaccurate measurements of water and salt concentrations, which leads to slightly inaccurate results. There is no solution for human error because it will always be a part of any investigation, however, it is possible to be more careful when measuring and transferring solutions. Another contributing error is the precision of the materials used, such as the ruler, the graduated cylinder and the electronic balance. The ruler used to measure the potato cylinders measures only to the nearest millimeter and thus has a margin of error of  ±0. 1 mm. The graduated cylinder has a margin of error of  ±0. 01 ml because it measures to the nearest tenth of a milliliter. The electronic balance, which is probably the most important measurement tool in this investigation, only measures to the nearest hundredth of a gram. This makes it difficult to show an accurate difference between masses because they can sometimes be very close. A solution to this problem would be to use more accurate equipment. However, financial constraints must once again be considered. The more precise the tools are, the more expensive they are, and in a low budget investigation more precise equipment is not a realistic option.

Health Outcome of Tobacco Use Lung Cancer

Nowadays, lots of people put their health under a terrible threat because of taking various harmful produces, and smoking is one of such terrible activities. In fact, tobacco use has already caused so many deaths, but people still cannot stop smoking and still try to make one of the most important decisions in their life – to smoke or not to smoke. To my mind, this life is too short to spend it on deciding weather smoking is good or bad.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Outcome of Tobacco Use: Lung Cancer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tobacco smoking takes so many lives each day, and the most terrible point with regard to this situation is that people are aware of that horrible statistics, but still, continue smoking; lung cancer, caused by smoking, is one of the leading diseases in the list of diseases, which may cause human death and the number of these deaths increased considerably day by day. Just let us take into consideration one more significant point that tobacco use may cause lots of terrible diseases, which can be rather dangerous for human life: cancer of lungs, bladder, or mouth, heart disease, and chronic bronchitis (AMA, Promoting Healthy Lifestyle). Of course, this list is far from being full, this is why it should make people think once again whether smoking is worthy of doing this or not. The popularity of tobacco use between pregnant women is also considered to be a burning problem that should bother society. In fact, smoking will hardly promote something really useful for human life, this is why people should be rather careful with smoking. Why are people so careless to own health? Why do they continue promote smoking and do not want just stop its production? Why do people still continue digging graves for themselves? Do they not know that lung cancer is a really terrible disease that can easily shorten their life? In the United States, tobacco use has alr eady taken more than 430,000 human lives (Sharma, 2007), and more than 80% of deaths are caused by lung cancer. This disease is inherent to both men and women at any age, and even more, even if a person is not a smoker, he/she can get this disease and die as well, because such person will be considered as a passive smoker. Many statistics prove that both adults and young people smoke too much; however, the main difference between smoking at young age and at old age is that adults comprehend how dangerous the outcomes may be and what a bad example they demonstrate, and young people find smoking fun, stylish, and helpful. For example, some part of young ladies still believe that if they start smoking, they can attract the attention of some boys and be a bit closer to them. Lots of boys follow the examples of their favorite actors or musicians, who can promote smoking from the screens and stages. For example, Sharon Stone, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Kate Winslet, Johnny Depp and John Tr avolta demonstrate their passion to smoking in the movies and young boys and girls are eager to follow their example.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I am deeply concerned that such promotion of tobacco use appears as a risk factor, because people, not intentionally, offer other people to take the step that may lead to their death. These young people start smoking without even understanding that smoking is one of the major reasons of lung cancer and poor mental health (Hodge, 2007). Another point about the statistics concerning the matter of smoking is that there are so many smokers in this world as many other people, who do not smoke. And the major part of smokers forgets to respect the privacy of non-smokers, so that the latter can easily die because of lung cancer as well. Contribution of tobacco takes place everywhere: at colleges, campuses, and other public places, where b oth young and adult people spend much of their time. This is why, with the help of statistical data that can be found online any time, people get a chance to evaluate their possibility to get lung cancer and die. They should be attentive with such kind of information, because everything is in their hands and only common people’s desire and abilities may prevent smoking and increasing the cases of lung cancer. However, it is not always enough to comprehend that the number of smokers and deaths, caused by lung cancer, increases considerably. This is why in order to develop the idea of lung cancer and smoking, it is also possible to concentrate on the essence of lung cancer, its influence to organism, and the difficulties with its treatment. â€Å"The clinical behavior of lung cancer is largely associated with its stage† (Sasaki et al., 2002, 412), this is why it is crucially important to comprehend what type and stage of lung cancer you have in order to choose proper tre atment, pass it, and continue living. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. More than 80% of people are under a threat to get the former, and only about 15% may die because of the latter. The non-small cell lung carcinoma also has own hierarchy that is closely connected to smoking and non-smoking people. Adenocarcinoma is one the types of lung cancer that does not depend on whether a person is smoker or non smoker. This disease creates a kind of tissue on lungs and makes it difficult to breathe without coughing. Squamous is one more lung cancer’s type that usually confused with ordinary bronchitis. However, while patient’s examination, it is possible to find out a kind of cavity in the tumor, and this cavity promotes slow grow of lung cancer and make it invisible for some period of time. To my mind, at this level, tobacco use is considered to be a risk factor, because the impossibility to find out the dis ease and not in time treatment may lead to rather terrible results.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Outcome of Tobacco Use: Lung Cancer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Smokers get more chances to get this disease than non smokers, this is why it is better to consult a doctor in one month or so in order to be sure that lung cancer does not threaten. Small cell lung carcinoma is such lung cancer that is certainly associated with smoking and can be rather dangers for smokers only. In this case, tobacco use is considered to a crucial etiological factor of the disease. In general, tobacco use causes numerous diseases, and lots of them cause human deaths. This is why people should be rather careful when taking a cigarette to their hands. Tobacco use may be dangerous for adults and young people. In spite of the fact that the vast majority of people are aware about the danger of smoking, they continue smoking an d worsen won health. Lung cancer is one of the most spread diseases, which are caused by smoking, and it is necessary to find out what stage and type of lung cancer you get in order to choose proper treatment and get an opportunity to be saved. Very often, it is very difficult to find out lung cancer on its first stages, this is why such health outcome of tobacco use as lung cancer has to be analyzed and discussed in literature as frequent as possible to provide people with a chance to know what may kill them. Reference List AMA (2009). Smoking and Tobacco Control. Promoting Healthy Lifestyles. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/ Hodge, D.R., Andereck, K., Montoya, H. (2007). The Protective Influence of Spiritual-Religious Lifestyle Profiles on Tobacco Use, Alcohol Use and Gambling. Social Work Research, 31 (4), 211. Sasaki,H., Haneda, H., Yukiue, H, Kobayashi, Y, Yano, M., Fujii, Y. (2006). Decreased Fragile Histidine Triad Gene Messenger RNA Expression in Lung Cancer. Clini cal Lung Cancer,7 (6), 412-416. Sharma, M. (2007). Policy for Controlling Tobacco. Journal of Alcohol Drug Education, 51 (4), 87.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Health Outcome of Tobacco Use: Lung Cancer was written and submitted by user Jane Rasmussen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sentence Structure 101

Sentence Structure 101 One of the first things we learned in English class was the definition of a sentence: a group of words that expresses a complete thought, containing a subject (the person, place or thing about which something is said) and a verb (the action word or words referencing the subject). By this definition, you could make a sentence from two words, such as: I study.Making your writing more appealingTo make our writing appealing and interesting to our readers, however, we should go beyond the two: My best friend and I study every afternoon and complete our assignments. (Subjects: friend, I; Verbs: study, complete).Compound sentencesExpressing two or more related thoughts, compound sentences are joined by either a semicolon or a conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet). When constructing a compound sentence, each complete thought should be able to stand alone as a simple sentence. Example: My best friend and I study every afternoon; we strive to complete our assignments quickly.Complex senten cesWhen a sentence contains at least one complete thought and one or more incomplete thoughts (phrases), you have constructed a complex sentence. Incomplete thoughts begin with words such as after, although, as, as long as, before, unless, though, since, when, if and while. Example: Because my best friend and I study every afternoon, we complete our assignments quickly.Once you understand the architecture of these three sentence types, you can sprinkle your writing with a variety of sentence structures, while always being alert for certain pitfalls, which we will discuss in the next section.Common mistakes when writing sentencesSentence fragmentWhen a period is used after a part of a sentence that does not express a complete thought, this is known as a sentence fragment. Example of sentence fragment: You study every afternoon. Which allows you to complete your assignments quickly.Loose hook: My best friend and I study every afternoon, but my little sister takes dancing lessons on Sa turday.Word omissionOmissions of necessary words results in awkward and unclear writing. It is never advisable to sacrifice clarity for brevity, as your reader will then have to supply the missing words. Example: Studied all afternoon. Assignments completed.Comma faultPlacing a comma between two complete thoughts creates a comma fault. Example: My best friend and I study every afternoon, we complete our assignments quickly. To avoid comma faults, try one of the following:Place periods at the end of each complete thought.Place a semicolon between the complete thoughts.Place a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the complete thoughts.Begin the sentence with an incomplete thought followed by a comma, then end the sentence with a complete thought.Proofreading your sentencesIt is extremely important that sentences are coherent, with words and thoughts connected in proper relationships to avoid misunderstanding on the part of the reader. Always proofread your writing to ensure th at the meaning of each sentence is clear, based on these guidelines:Placement of sentence partsMake sure that words are placed with the unit of thought to which they are related. Misplacing even one word can change the meaning of a sentence, as demonstrated in the following examples:Only I study in the afternoon. (I alone study in the afternoon.)I only study in the afternoon. (I never do anything else in the afternoon.)I study only in the afternoon. (I never study any other time.)Parallel constructionIdeas of equal value in a sentence should be expressed in the same form to help the reader recognize the similarity of the ideas. Study these examples of wrong and corrected parallel construction:(Wrong) When I study in the afternoon, I read my textbook, write my essays and to improve my spelling.(Corrected) When I study in the afternoon, I read my textbook, write my essays and improve my spelling.(Wrong) The three objectives of studying in the afternoon are: (1) to complete assignments quickly, (2) learning to spell and (3) making a good grade.(Corrected) The three objectives of studying in the afternoon are: (1) completing assignments quickly, (2) learning to spell and (3) making a good grade.Complete comparisonWhen making comparisons in your sentences, supply all the words needed to complete the comparative thought.(Wrong) I study faster.(Corrected) I study faster than my best friend.(Wrong) I have been studying longer.(Corrected) I have been studying longer than anyone else in my class.Pronoun reference(This is my worst editing nightmare.) The word to which a pronoun refers must be clear to the reader. It, he, she, they, you and this take the place of nouns (person, places or things), and must agree with the nouns to which they refer so that a consistent viewpoint is maintained. If your reader has to re-read the sentence to determine the noun to which the pronoun refers, then your sentence is faulty.(Wrong) After studying with my best friend, she thought we wo uld get a good grade.(Corrected) After studying with me, my best friend thought we would get a good grade.(Wrong) A student who completes assignments quickly will turn in their work on time.(Corrected) Students who complete assignments quickly will turn in their work on time.The English language is one of the most difficult languages in the world; there are rules, and then there are exceptions to those rules.

The psychological contract does not exist in the minds of employers in Essay

The psychological contract does not exist in the minds of employers in mature states and mature organisations. What is key is the legal contract. The psycholog - Essay Example ent the employer may promise to offer something to the employee or at the time of appraising an employee’s performance the employer could declare a reward for his satisfactory performance. Mutual obligations sometimes act as promises and sometimes as expectations. However, the employee is required to have trust in such promises or expectations as part of the relationship with the employer (The psychological contract, 2007). There is a vast difference between a legal contract and a psychological contract with regard to employment. Legal contracts offer a limited set of expectations and imperfect identification of the relationship involved in the employment. With the exception of refusing to accept such terms and conditions, the employee can do anything about the relationship mentioned in legal contracts. The courts and employment tribunals examine the nature and content of the legal contract of employment. These enforcing bodies interpret the nature of employment on the basis of the legal contract (The psychological contract, 2007). A psychological contract examines the practicality and reality of the work place environment as perceived by the employer and the employees. It has greater effect than a legal contract in determining the activities of the employees and the management. Under a psychological contract, the employees have a clear idea of their duties and the necessity to discuss them by adopting the process of collective bargaining. It also explains to them their expectations from the employer (The psychological contract, 2007). A psychological contract does not require to be enforced strictly. The courts examine the underlying relationship between employer and employee while interpreting the common law principles with regard to mutual trust and confidence. Researchers claim that there would be a negative effect on job satisfaction and a deterioration of employee commitment towards their job, if the management fails to fulfill its promises to its

Financial statement of a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial statement of a company - Essay Example When this is done, the company has the knowledge of whether it has the liquidity to settle any debts that are due. The financial statements are also important in determining the costs of productions and the selling rates. When this is done, then the company is able to determine the profit margins that it makes. This helps develop the land increase and the bottom line. The analysis of financial statements is also important in keeping track of the inventory. This is very important in knowing if you have enough inventories that can be used to meet all the sales that are projected. Knowing the total liabilities that are in relation to the total equity of the business is very important (Robinson, 2009). This is known as the debt to equity ratio and is very important to each and every business. With a well planned and organized financial statement, an analysis can be done to know the debt-to-equity ratio. This is one of the great benefits of financial statements. Last but not least, a well organized financial statement has the ability to help an organization keep track of its improvements over time. When financial statements are compared overtime, it can be used to spot any changes that affect the organization both positively and negatively. A financial statement is one of the most important tools that organizations and small businesses use in order to realize significant changes that are in their organization. This, in turn, helps the business and management strive to identify the strengths, the weaknesses and the relationships that exist in the business and the internal and external factors of the environment (Brigham, 2010). Question 2 Yes, managers should recommend business alternatives based on financial analyses. This is because most of the decisions that concern a business revolve about the finances of the business. So for a manager to come up with a recommendation on matters that affect the business, then they have to do a lot of analyses on the financial sta tements of the company since all the financial issues that a company has are recorded in its financial statement. It is, therefore, important that every decision that is to be made on the company has to be compared with the financial statements of the company. If recommendations are done without consideration of the financial statements of the company then there is a higher chance that the decisions made might have a negative influence on the company (Taylor, 1967). For any manager to make important decisions of a business, one must know the present values of the business. The present value is the total value that a given date has on future payments. This is important in evaluation of the investments risks of an organization. For every manager, knowledge and good analyses of the financial statement are important in getting to know the present value. These give the manager the value of each and every future investment. This can, in turn, help the manager make important decisions in a business. It is for this reason that financial statements are important in making key decisions for a company. If a manager has a good knowledge of the organization’s financial statements, then he is able to make important decisions today that will affect tomorrow. Without proper analysis, the manager might end up making decisions that will have an impact on the organization later in the life of the business. Therefore, every manager has to consider the analyses of the financial statements of the company before making any important decisions in a business (O’Regan, 2006). Questions 3 The value on any given date of a payment of the future that has been discounted to have a reflection on the time value of money and any other factors investments risk included is known as present value.

Samsung Analysis: Porters Five, SWOT and PESTEL

Samsung Analysis: Porters Five, SWOT and PESTEL INTRODUCTION Samsung electronics Industry Corporation was created in 1969 as a division of Samsung group, and the name of corporation was changed to the current name which Samsung electronics in 1984. Mainly it manufacture and exported electronics products, which include color TV, electronic calculator, electronic watch, electronic cash registers, as well as electronic home appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, an also telecommunication devices. Especially, it recorded the outstanding number of manufacturing black and white TVs which was going up above 10 million and took top of the world in terms of export of black and white TVs. It succeeded to develop super mini VTR (8mm) in 1983, started to export VTR in 1985, and merged Samsung semiconductors and telecommunication cooperation in 1988. Since then Samsung electronics has dramatically grown as one of the worlds leading electronic giant with branches all over the world. Now millions of Samsung electronic products are being manufactured and sold every day and its product is seen in almost every house around the world. Samsung electronics has one of the best inventory management systems, supply and distribution chain in the world and its products are unique and durable with dedicated, efficient work force. Also, its research and development department is second to none in the electronic industry hence we decided to carry out this in-depth analysis to access the various strategies they have being applying since their existence and to advise them on the possible strategic options available to them now and in the future. ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Industry Analysis Porters Five Forces Analysis (http://www.masslearning.com/) Michael Porter stated that for any business entity there are 5 forces in action, these forces can have a great influence on the current affairs and strategy of the business. These forces consist of the following factors. Buyers power Buyers are the driving force of any industry including the automotive sector. Buyer behaviour is an essential part of marketing strategy and in-depth studies and research have been conducted to try to understand buyer behaviour. Typical question to ask when considering buyer behaviour are, who are our buyers? How do they buy? When do they buy? Where do they buy? Why do they buy? For Samsung electronics the brand strength allows them to make radical changes as they have a large base of loyal customers (due to an long history of building quality electronics), this has been evident with the radical exterior design changes to the Samsung product line up. Thus Samsung can be considered as a trend setter in their respective markets. This is a powerful position as it allows for some control of the direction of the future markets and trends. But strong competition from their rivals ensures that the changes arent too radical as they may lose customers to their opposition. Suppliers power Suppliers are the foundations of any industry they can supply raw materials, labour components and other supplies. Therefore it is important that a business has a good healthy relationship with its suppliers to ensure that it can operate smoothly and efficiently in cohesion with its suppliers. The power of suppliers varies depending on certain factors, for example if the product is standardised then the supplier will be weak, an example of this in the electronics industry would be silicon manufacturers. There are many to choose from and product diversity is relatively low thus suppliers are weak in this market. Suppliers are more powerful when they provide a more specialised product. Samsung has a technologically advanced component with existing patents, so in this case the supplier has more power in the relationship then in the case with silicon. Threat of Substitute products A substitute product is a product in another market which poses a threat because it is potentially a substitute to your product. A substitute (product) can negatively affect the ‘price elasticity of your product since more substitutes become available the demand becomes more elastic as customers have more alternatives a close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in an industry to raise prices. In the electronics industry substitute products will include other similar products from other manufactures. The threat of substitutes in the electronics sector is increasing since the consumer are being motivated by both social responsibility and legislation to find alternative manufacture that meets their criteria to reduce the affect of global warming energy consumption . Legislation in the UK such as high charging for energy bill also promotes substitutes in to electronic industry so it is a growing threat in this sector. Degree of rivalry Perhaps this is one of the most important of Porters 5 forces, since competition is what tends drives innovation changes in the market since firms strive for a competitive advantage. The intensity of rivalry amongst firms varies across markets. In a market that is saturated rivalry can become fierce as firms compete for the same customers, but in a growing market firms dont need to compete as fiercely as there may have their own growing customer base to which they can cater their product. When considering direct rivals to Samsung such as Motorola and Dell they are all long established in the industry so it is likely that they have coexisted by having disciplined competition and also having a ‘code of conduct between themselves. This is evidence of ‘friendly competition within the automotive sector. Barriers to entry This relates to how easy it is to enter the market place, this force has only negative implications on current market competitors since the easier entry into a market is the more competitors there potentially is. But usually there are legal requirements that must be overcome before the market place can be entered for example a product must pass minimum quality and safety standards and licences are usually required for trading. When considering the electronics industrial sector entry into the market is extremely difficult, since a large initial investment is required, and competition is fierce. In the current economic climate entry in this sector will be almost impossible unless an innovative unique selling point is achieved. Currently the easiest entry into the electronics sector is through excellent design reliability, durability and cost effectiveness of electronics being the most obvious. Electronics Industry Life Cycle Stage According the theory of industry life cycle, Samsung Electronics already got the Maturity stage. Because growth is no longer the main focus,market share andcash flow become theprimary goals of the companies left in the space. Samsungs products like TV, audio, video, mobile phones, camera, camcorder, PC, peripherals, Printers, home appliances and memory cards all have good reputation and occupy important place in market. PESTEL Analysis This section serves as a business environmental scan. Here a PESTLE analysis is applied of the external macro environment in which SAMSUNG operates. The pestle analysis is applied to SAMSUNG looking at its market i.e. no specific product. The diagram below highlights the main issues within each factor. All the factors have a high level of influence on our business and our future strategy. Portfolio Analysis SWOT Analysis Porters Generic Competitive Strategy Analysis STRATEGIES CHOICE GE Matrix Analysis Mobile phone industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung phones Industry attractiveness Business strength assessment Depending on the analysis of the mobile phone market and industry attractive terms, the current score of attractiveness of the mobile phone industry is 3.68 points; the attractiveness of the industry is relatively high. Through the analysis of financial statements of Samsung, Samsungs business strength total score of 3.19 points in the industry belongs to a high level, in the matrix belongs to GE leader-type to business, this score indicates Samsung mobile phones has a good market share in current market. TV industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung TV Industry attractiveness Business strength assessment From the table, we can see that on the all TV market analysis, financial statements and marketing analysis of Samsung TV and Samsung in the GE matrix effort to business, the TV industry has a strong attractiveness, but Samsung in the TV business strength only belongs to middle level, which need considerable investment of resources, through the efforts of Samsung could be a leader-type business, or it will be difficult to fierce competition in the market to survive. Washing-machine industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung washing-machine Industry attractiveness Business strength assessment Through the washing-machine industry analysis and a brief Samsung washing-machine business development analysis show that the attractiveness of the washing-machine industry for Samsung is very strong, but Samsung washing-machine for production in terms of business strength is weak and the question mark in the GE matrix operations, the attractiveness of the industry itself is very easy to attract new entrants into the market and existing enterprise competition, but the washing-machine industry because of the competition is fierce, national brands in the market want a share of the domestic and international well-known brands have already endless which want to improve their competitiveness in this industry. Samsung is in a very difficult situation in the washing-machine industry. According to the industry attractiveness and business strength matrix of Samsung mobile phones, TVs, washing-machines, we mapped the GE matrix of Samsung: B: mobile phone, F: TV .H: washing-machine. (http://www.showppt.com/ppt_79.html) The GE matrix is displayed by Samsung, Samsungs mobile phones plays a leader place in the market and it must keep go on. TV business in the maintenance of regional (between effort and regulator), business attraction and business position in the industry do not have the advantage of both the absence of the formation of a unique segment had to compete with many rivals, enterprise by supporting these businesses strive to improve the businesss market share, and strive to develop into a leading-type business. Samsung washing-machine business is a question mark position difficult for enterprises to compete with the market the original members, requiring substantial investment of resources, currently giving up their own production of washing-machine is an inevitable choice. Boston Matrix Analysis Samsung electronics was build up in 1969, it cost 40 years developed from a small company which only 36 people worked in it to a worldwide company. Now there are nearly 20 kinds of products in Samsung which got a good reputation all over the globe. Take Samsung electronics as an example, it got lots of awards in the Industrial Design Excellence Awards in America. It is the company which got the most awards in several consecutive years, which can prove the design ability of Samsung reach the world-class level. It will be analysis with Boston Matrix. The television and mobile phone can be looked as the cash cow product, because the market growth rates are relatively low and the relative market share are so high. (http://www.masslearning.com/) Samsung electronics started the business of liquid crystal display from 1995, when it get to 2005, the total amount of sales volume is more than one hundred million and it is more than 2 hundred million in 2007, 3 hundred million in 2008, in last month, the total sales volume is more than 5 hundred million. The reason of why Samsung electronics can get the outstanding achievement is the extended market of the LED TV panel and the powerful sell of the big size LCD TV. In 2010, Samsung is going to sell 10 million LCD televisions with LED and 22 million all kinds of LCD TVs. In the sales amount aspect, Samsungs market share got to 23.6% all over the globe in the fourth quarter in 2009. The high sells amount and market share of Samsung is because of the high shipments of television market in the world, the integrity layout of the product size and the leader status of the advanced technology. Samsung got the double champion of the shipment and the sales amount on television in continue 13 seasons. So they looked as the cash cow product. The market share and the market growth rate of five TV brand in 2009 (http://finance.baidu.com/2010-02-23/122741032.html) Samsung is the second biggest mobile phone producer in the world. In 2009, it paid more attention on the fashion style which attracted a great deal of young person and the shipments got to 235 million, the market share got to 19.5%. Compared with 2008, it has a big improvement, because the shipment and market share is only 199 million and 16.3% respectively. The successful of Samsung electronics is come from the swift and agility, but lack of innovativeness may lead to the loss of probability. Nowadays Samsung pay more attention on the Smartphone, the Bada system is a good example. Bada system is a platform of the new smart phone which developed by Samsung company, the interface of it is more fashion in colour and style. So it can be looked as the cash cow product because the market growth rate is low but the market share is very high, the characteristic of which is the sale volume is high but the rate of liability is low, it can provide fund for the company and the product do not ne ed improve the invests. So it can be the supporter for recover the funds for the company, support the other product. The market is becoming mature, the company do not need to invest huge capital for enlarge the market and as a leader in the mobile phone area, it bring lots of profit for the whole company. (http://article.pchome.net/scripts/art_content.php?article_id=447146) In 1997, Samsung produce a series of double door fridge named ‘ZIPEL, in these 10 years, it was export to more than 130 countries and the market share got to the peak over about 50 countries. After sell the fridge to America for 7 years, the market share of Samsung became the highest one. In 2007, the French fridge started to sell in America, the market share was only 5.6% at that year, but after one year, it rocket to 16%. In 2009, the total sales of bridge take account of 28.6% and the sales volume take account of 27.2% in America, rank the first place. So the fridge should also be looked as the cash cow products, a company should have several kinds of cash cow products, if there is something wrong with the other dogs products, it balance the funds of the whole company. From 2007, Samsung produce a series of camera, such as blue, WB, PL, ES and ST series. Especially Blue series which was made the advertisement by Dongjian Zhang, leave a good impression for Chinese customer, so attract lots of customers attention. But in the whole area, Canon, Sony and Nikon still the first three brands, Samsung cannot catch up with them. Although it developed harder on the camera area, the market share still cannot as high as the other area. So the camera area can looked as the question marks product in the Boston Matrix analysis. Most products of Samsung electronics have a good reputation and sell very well, but there are some exceptions. Take air c The Man of the Crowd | Literary Analysis The Man of the Crowd | Literary Analysis Such a great misfortune, not to be able to be alone, declares the opening line of Edgar Allan Poes Man of the Crowd. Surrounded by a city full of people, the narrator is indeed not alone in that sense. Alone, though, may be viewed in another light: to be unique, to stand alone against the chaos and homogeneity of the crowd. The relationships the narrator has with and the observations he makes about the people of London give insight regarding the nature of urban relationships generally. Though the narrator does not in reality have any direct communication with the people in this story, he observes and reports on each of them, and these observations substitute for his lacking personal relationships. It is his observations of the city of London itself, of the crowd, and of the old man that reveal Poes distaste for the isolation and loss of individuality that city life fosters. The city is mostly only described at night, and we see almost nothing of the daylight hours. The audience, therefore, is left with a dark and gloomy image of the city. By providing this sole nighttime portrait of the city through the narrator, Poe automatically creates a depressing outlook on city life that pervades the story and provides the backdrop for the entire commentary. To reinforce the depressing outlook, Poe has the narrator enumerate the features of the verge of the city in more detail than any other part of London (220). He states that this place [wears] the worst impress of the most deplorable poverty, and of the most desperate crime (220). The poverty and crime reveals that people do not care about each other, in that no one helps the poorest of the poor and the criminals have no regard for their fellow city dwellers. People are isolated from, and apathetic towards, their fellow city dwellers. To give a further impression of the impoverishment and apathetic nature of the city, he describes the beggars, poor girls returning from their demanding work, and sick people wandering about the streets. From the descriptions of these people it is evident that the city is a cold, uncaring, and unforgiving place: the sick were in search of some chance consolation and the young girls had to return to careless homes (217). The lack of concern for others in the city highlights Poes notions that the urban environment creates isolation amongst its inhabitants. While describing the crowd, the narrator is seated behind a window, separated from the people. Putting him behind the glass isolates him from those whom he is so meticulously observing. One would think that after being sick and inside for months on end, the narrator would want some kind of personal, human relation, yet he is perfectly content to sit alone indoors and ponder the pedestrians from afar. His willingness to be alone further contributes to the sense that people are truly isolated in the city. This isolation is also seen in the pedestrians, who [talk] and [gesticulate] to themselves, as if feeling in solitude on account of the very denseness of the company around (216). Here the narrator explains that because there are so many people around and since no one knows each other, these people feel like they are alone. Poe suggests, through the narrators observations, that while one may be in extreme proximity to others in the city, he is not truly connected with any of them, except in the sense that he may share some general attributes with a large group of others that causes him to be seen as part of the whole. The narrator states that he at first looks at the people in their aggregate relations but then moves into observing the details of which there were innumerable varieties (216). Herein lies a contradiction: he points out there are innumerable varieties, yet he does exactly the opposite by enumerating the types of people that he sees and placing each person into a specific category. The narrator treats each person within each of his classifications as the same as the whole: though he calls them individuals, he immediately places them into a larger group. Poe here is trying to say that while you may think that you are a distinct person in the city, you have already lost your individuality by being part of the crowd. The narrator tells himself that everyone is different, but in pointing out their differences, he makes sweeping generalizations, thus making many people the same as one another. Furthermore, when the narrator classifies and describes the crowd, he does so in a very scientific manner, looking at each of them through their figure, dress, air, gait, visage, and expression of countenance (216). While these traits should make each person different at least in some way from another, they are all treated as exactly the same within each group. The classification of the people in the crowd makes them lose their individuality by generalizing and putting each person into a pre-labeled group. When a person comes along, the man of the crowd, that cannot be classified, the narrator is startled (218): he doesnt know how to think about this man since he cannot put him in a well-defined category. He is so intrigued by this man that he leaves the coffee shop where he has been meticulously scouring the people of the crowd. He purposefully hides among the pedestrians so as not to be seen and, in doing so, loses his individuality and becomes just another undistinguishable face amid a sea of others, suggesting that his quest to classify this man is futile. If the narrator himself is indistinguishable, how is he able to individualize and ascribe specific attributes to someone else? Also, the way in which he describes the passages that the old man takes causes him to become intertwined with the old mans identity: the narrator says that he hurried into the street [] until we emerged (220). He has to do exactly as the old man does in order to stay close and observe him. Again, this mixing of identities emphasizes the loss of individuality in the city that Poe wishes to point out. A person starts to lose his identity when he starts behaving like other people. The narrator eventually abandons his pursuit, saying that this man does not permit [himself] to be read (215). He points out that he can learn nothing else about him. The narrator here seems to just ignore someone that does not fit into he predetermined classifications. This eventual disregard for the peculiarity of the old man again shows that there is no true individuality in the city. If other people like this man cannot be classified, they are probably simply ignored; in effect they do not exist. So, in essence there are no individuals. The tale opens by saying that it is a great misfortune, not to be able to be alone. The narrator in Man of the Crowd is surrounded by a city full of people, unable to be alone, though is truly isolated from them. Through the observations made by this narrator, it is evident that the same isolation applies to every other member of society in London; no one knows anyone else and, in that sense, everyone is isolated. Though, these people are not alone in that none of them are distinguishable from a larger group. Each person is defined as being part of a group within the crowd and as a part of the crowd generally. It is this loss of individuality that gives meaning to the vagueness title The Man in the Crowd.

Change Management Essay

1.1 Introduction Barack Obama started his election campaign with a plan to renew America’s promise with the words â€Å"Change we can believe in†. His Presidential campaign was marked by changes. He wanted to change a nation and its way of acting. Throughout the campaign, Obama’s changes were aimed towards bringing a rapid end to the war in Iraq, decreasing energy dependence, and providing universal health care. In his victory speech Obama said â€Å"change has come to America†. Up to now, not all his plans and ideas have proven successful and only the future will reveal their full potential. The U.S. election was a change of the governmental position which was decided by the nation. In an admittedly smaller world, every person in his or her life as well as every manager of an organisation is faced with changes or the requirement to make changes every day. Let’s concentrate on the business world and have a look at what changes mean? Change is an alteration of a company’s strategy, organization or culture as a result of changes in its environment, structure, technology or people. A manager’s job would be very straightforward and simple (not to say boring) if changes were not occurring in these areas. Good managers have a competence to manage change in the company’s environment. These changes can be alterations in structure (design of jobs, span of control, authority relationships or coordinating mechanisms), in technology (equipment, work processes or work methods) as well as in people (behaviours, perceptions, expectations or attitudes). 1.2 Reasons for Change A complex structure like an organization is driven by external and internal factors in regard to the need for change. There are a number of external forces that create the explicit need for change: Market situation or market place Technology Government laws and regulations Economics The global marketplace has created a huge need for change because of internationalization and the more dynamic situation. Some of this could not have occurred without the various and dramatic changes in technology. An example of the changing marketplace is the deregulation of the telecommunications industry in the domestic market. By deregulation, the competitive pressure was put on telephone companies such as the German Telecom which has minimised monopolistic emplacement. Regarding this point, advances in technology have had a big impact on the market. Also, the affordability of equipment and software allows greater competition in the IT-sector. Government laws and regulations can have a large impact on an organization such as with deregulation. Organizations have to change because it is now prescribed. The new tobacco taxes and the legislation requiring tobacco manufacturers to disclose the harmful effects of tobacco smoking have created huge pressures on some large organizations. These organisations now have to change to ensure their economic viability. Finally, these economic ups and downs have a dramatic effect on organizations as well on domestic markets as the worldwide economic influence continues on organizations. This phenomenon could be seen during the last financial crisis. The effects were recognized in the USA first; then they hit Europe, Japan and finally the rest of the world. As a consequence, several automobile manufacturers have announced production cutbacks and reduced employment. Parallel to the external reasons there are different internal forces for change: Corporate strategy Workforce Technology and equipment Employee attitudes It is not unusual for an organization to change its strategy. It can lead e.g. to a large number of changes if the organization decides to adopt a new distribution methodology or a new logistic strategy. Also a merger will change an organisation’s way of acting. (For example, a company decides to  enter the e-commerce business). The introduction of new equipment or new technology is another internal force for change which affects an organization. The implementation of new technology needs new processes or structures. Through this, employees will have to be trained for new work processes or new jobs. The composition of an organization’s workforce never stays static because it changes in terms of gender, age or education. New employees join the organization and other people leave. With these changes, managers may need to redesign work and work groups in order to ensure the job requirements match the skills of the people. Lastly, employee attitudes such as the level of job satisfaction can lead to either negative or positive forces for change. If employees are dissatisfied, then there can be an increased level of employee absenteeism which can lead to changing practices or management of staff. 1.3 Origins of Change Management Again, a distinction between change management as a result of changing technologies and change management based on different management styles has to be made (in practice however, one factor is certainly influencing the other). Change management has his origins in the 1950’s. In those days modern forms of management were introduced (e.g. teamwork, autonomous groups) and the â€Å"war† between followers of top-down (change) approaches and bottom-up (change) approaches began. Top-down organizations are characterizes by the relatively low influence of subsystems. With the exception of the top management, employees are placed in a given process pattern. The organisation’s units are co-ordinated within a system of regulations and the organisation’s development is steered from top down. Bottom-up organizations are characterized by the relatively high influence of subsystems. The organisation’s development is carried by involved employees. A structural partial autonomy is conceded to the single subsystems. The organisation units are relatively independent in their execution of problems and could be basically capable of surviving on their own. Regulations are found primarily in the form of general behavioural instructions and the basis of â€Å"Common Senseâ€Å". The organisation’s development is therefore developing itself bottom-up. The best known concepts of  top-down management are business process re-engineering and business reengineering. The concept of business process re-engineering is aimed at changes concerning quality, service, cost and processing time. The core idea is process orientation. The concept of business process re-engineering takes into consideration strategy creation as well as process creation without describing, however, methods and instruments in detail. The documentation of the actual and the planned processes remain at a relatively coarse level and the main weight lies with few identified core processes. Business re-engineering is aimed at the radical redesign of enterprise strategies or essential enterprise processes. Its purpose is the improvement around scales in significant and measurable achievement dimensions in the areas of costs, quality, service and time. The implementation of this concept requires a â€Å"strong manager† who not only initiates the changes but also encourages the employees to make the necessary changes. Business re-engineering, therefore, is based on order and control, while the comprehensive knowledge of the organisation’s development and the participative system’s creation is maintained. The best known concepts of bottom-up management are kaizen and lean management. Kaizen (Japanese for â€Å"improvement† or â€Å"change for the better†) focuses upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, development, marketing etc. (main business processes), supporting business processes and management. Kaizen as a management approach is based on the idea that no actual status (of a process or an organisation) is good enough to be kept. Kaizen refers to a continuous improvement of all functions and involves all employees from the executive board to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics and always involves the entire organization. Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses after the Second World War, influenced in part by American business and quality management teachers who visited the country. It has since spread throughout the world Lean Management explains how to link the advantages of batch-producing organizations (speed, low unit cost) with the benefits of a customer-oriented organisation (high flexibility, customizing, quality). â€Å"Lean† must be understood as â€Å"Lean Enterpriseâ€Å", an enterprise with  customer-oriented organisation which values customers, suppliers and employees. Principles of lean management are a gradual approach, group orientation, own responsibility, constant feedback in lower management levels and a long-term orientation. Other ideas of lean management are an enterprise-wide improvement of the quality, acceleration of the development, harmonious integration of the enterprise into the society as well as outsourcing and concentration on specific strengths of the organisation. The focus lies on the soft factors. Also in relation to a process-oriented thinking and strategy creation, lean management uses the Kaizen approach. Nevertheless, the concentration on a few, significant core processes is strongly stressed here. Comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches, the advantage of a bottom-up orientation lies with the possibility of adapting the rhythm of the development and the capacity of the organisation for development. Small changes can be achieved at short notice or immediately, while lasting changes run smoothly and could guarantee a constant improvement of the problem solution capacity of the enterprise. On the other hand, permanent change processes and the constant restlessness linked with such change processes can also affect negatively the organisation, as possibly no clear direction is recognizable any longer. Few enterprises are ready for a radical change in their orientation as demanded in a top-down approach. No organisation is able to reorganize itself and the whole value-added chain ad hoc. Frequently the longevity of the soft factor â€Å"enterprise culture† is underestimated. Changes in the enterprise culture need time and, hence, are an object of evolutionary and participative approach and not a revolutionary and authoritarian process. The advantages of the top-down approach are the straight-forward attempt of comprehensive, department-covering thinking and action and the focus on the central processes. Nowadays, within modern change management approaches, top-down and bottom-up approaches are mixed. As shown in fig. 1, analysis and the strategy development is mainly done top-down whereas continuous process improvement is driven from the bottom-up. Constant dialogue between the involved parties guarantees a constant improvement and focusing on the core requirements. Figure 1: Modern Change Management – Bottom-Up meets Top-Down So change management is the: correct understanding of the organizations that want or need to be changed correct understanding of the people who are willing or forced to change the effectively realization of change understanding the dynamics of change Changes should be facilitated by the organizational structure because this enhances adaptation and flexibility. A simple organizational structure will reach a simple dynamic environment or, on the other hand, a simple dynamic environment needs a simple structure only. For a complex dynamic environment an adhocracy will be needed. Adhocracy means more democracy and less bureaucracy. One of the most important points is the people, because they form the organization. The culture of organization includes their way of working, attitudes and norms. These facts are at the core of every change and they are difficult to handle. Personal modifications regarding attitudes or skills in leadership or communication are hard to identify but ineffectiveness can be indicated by problems and conflicts in the management of human resources. 2. Concepts of Change Management A number of models are available to facilitate one’s understanding of transitioning of individuals through the phases of change management and strengthening organizational development initiatives in both government and corporate sectors. 2.1 Lewin ´s Change Theory Kurt Lewin theorized a three-stage model of change that has come to be known as the unfreezing-changerefreeze model which requires prior learning to be rejected and replaced. Edgar Schein provided further detail for a more comprehensive model of change, calling this approach â€Å"cognitive redefinition.† Lewin ´s model will be discussed later in this book in more detail.. 2.2 Chin & Benne ´s â€Å"Effecting Changes in Human System† Chin and Benne (1969) and Havelock (1971) each articulated different approaches but shared some  overlapping concepts. Some of the models had a primary focus on innovation and organization, while others focus on the individual: Empirical-rational approach The basic assumption underlying the empirical-rational model is that individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-interest. Thus, if a â€Å"good† change is suggested, people of good intention will adopt the change. This approach â€Å"posits that change is created by the dissemination of innovative techniques†. A primary strategy of this model is the dissemination of knowledge gained from research. One example of agencies and systems used for the development and diffusion of such research results are agricultural extension systems and the county agents who disseminate the results of agricultural research. In education, these activities are the domain of educational research and development centers,,regional educational laboratories, state departments of education, colleges and universities, national diffusion networks, intermediate service agencies, and staff development personnel within school districts. The rational view generally ignores the fact that school systems are already crowded with existing passive recipients, who may not have the necessary time or expertise to adopt or apply the new knowledge or program. Power-coercive approach The power-coercive approach relies on influencing individuals and systems to change through legislation and external leverage where the power of various types is the dominant factor. Power-coercive strategies emphasize political, economic, and moral sanctions, with the focus on using power of some kind to â€Å"force† individuals to adopt the change. One strategy is non-violent protest and demonstrations. A second strategy is the use of political institutions to achieve change – for example, changing educational policies through state-level legislation. Judicial decisions also impact educational policy. A third power-coercive strategy is recomposing or manipulating the power elite – electing people to public office, for instance, to support an intended change. History is replete with mandates, and other power- coercive strategies, which resulted in little change. Normative-re-educative approach In the normative-re-educative approach, the individual is seen as being actively in search of satisfying needs and interests. The individual does not passively accept what comes, but takes action to advance his/her goals. Further, changes are not just rational responses to new information but occur at the more personal level of values and habits. Additionally, the  individual is guided by social and institutional norms. The overarching principle of this model is that the individual must take part in his/her own change if it is to occur. This model includes direct intervention by change agents, who focus on the client system and who work collaboratively with the clients to identify and solve their problems. The normative-re-educative approach employs the help of change agents to assist clients in the change process by identifying needs; suggesting solutions, examining alternatives, and planning actions; transforming intention into adoption; stabilizing the change. The use of an agent to support clients and facilitate change was present in the early models. The concept of the change agent evolved further and has been reported in studies of educational and other organizational change. 2.3 Bullock and Batten’s Phases of Planned Change R.J. Bullock and D. Batten derived their ideas from project management and they recommend using exploration, planning, action, and integration for planned change. Exploration occurs when managers confirm the need for change and secure resources required to achieve it. These resources may be physical or they may be mental, such as a managers’ expertise. The next step, planning, occurs when key decisionmakers and experts create a change plan that they then review and approve. Next, action occurs with enactment of the plan. There should be opportunities for feedback during the action phase. Finally, integration begins when all actions in the change plan have taken place. Integration occurs when the changes have been aligned with the organization and there is some degree of formalization, such as through policies and procedures in the organization. Bullock and Batten analyzed over 30 models of change management and arrived at their own 4-phase model of programmed change management which can be applied to almost any circumstance. The model is useful in that it distinguishes between the ‘phases’ of change which the organization passes through as it implements change, and the ‘processes’ of change, i.e. the methods applied to get the organization to the desired state. The model progresses as follows: Exploration phase – The organization has to make decision on the need for change: Explore and decide on the need for change Identify what  changes are required Identify resources required Planning phase – Understanding the problem: Diagnosis of the problem Clarify goals and objectives Identify specific activities required to undertake change Agree changes with stakeholders Identify supports required to enable change to occur Action phase – Changes identified are agreed and implemented: Support for change is explicit Changes are monitored and evaluated Results are communicated and acted upon Adjustments and refinements are made where necessary Integration phase – Stabilising and embedding change: Changes supported and reinforced Results and outcomes from change communicated throughout the organization Continuous development of employees through training, education Ongoing monitoring and evaluation 2.4 Beckhard and Harris change formula The change formula is a mathematical representation of the change process. The basic notion is that, for change to occur, the costs of change must be outweighed by dissatisfaction with the status quo, the desirability of the proposed change, and the practicality of the change. There will be resistance to change if people are not dissatisfied with the current state of the organization, or if the changes are not seen as an improvement, if the change cannot be done in a feasible way, or the cost is far too high. This formula can also be conceptualized as (D Ãâ€" V Ãâ€" F) > R. D = Dissatisfaction V = Vision F = First Steps R = Resistance to Change The multiplicative nature of this formula indicates that if any variable is zero or near zero, resistance to change will not be overcome. In other words, the variables of D, V, and F do not compensate for one another, and when one is very low, the cost of change is likely to be too high. 2.5 7-S Model Consultants at McKinsey & Company developed the 7S model in the late 1970s to help managers address the difficulties of organizational change. The model  shows that organizational immune systems and the many interconnected variables involved make change complex, and that an effective change effort must address many of these issues simultaneously. The 7-S Model is a framework for analyzing organizations and their effectiveness. It looks at the seven key elements that make the organizations successful, or not: strategy; structure; systems; style; skills; staff; and shared values. The 7-S model is a tool for managerial analysis and action that provides a structure with which to consider a company as a whole, so that the organization’s problems may be diagnosed and a strategy may be developed and implemented. The 7-S diagram illustrates the multiplicity interconnectedness of elements that define an organization’s ability to change. This theory helped to change managers’ thinking about how companies could be improved. It says that it is not just a matter of devising a new strategy and following it through. Nor is it a matter of setting up new systems and letting them generate improvements. To be effective, your organization must have a high degree of fit or internal alignment among all the seven Ss. Each S must be consistent with and reinforce the other Ss. All Ss are interrelated, so a change in one has a ripple effect on all the others. It is impossible to make progress on one without making progress on all. Thus, to improve your organization, you have to master systems thinking and pay attention to all of the seven elements at the same time. There is no starting point or implied hierarchy – different factors may drive the business in any one organization. The 7-S Model is a valuable tool to initiate change processes and to give them direction. A helpful application is to determine the current state of each element and to compare this with the ideal state. Based on this it is possible to develop action plans to achieve the intended state. 3. The Change Process 3.1 Initiating a Top-Down Change Accelerated by global competition, the pressure to change business strategy is a worldwide phenomenon. Industrial activities are shifting from manufacturing to service, globalization of markets, political realignments, technical advances in management information systems, corporate alliances  and downsizing of organizations are changing the structures of corporations and projects. In parallel, organizations are faced with global competition. This competition is becoming more and more obvious in automobile manufacturing, consumer electronics, computers and communications and household manufacturing. Increasingly, the global heavyweight players of the world economy are large corporations involved in international or multinational projects. There is a global market and competition for most products and services. In order to effectively compete in it, organizations must use creativity and transform their cultures, structures and operations. The emergence of these global organizations c reates pressure on domestic organizations and projects to restructure and internationalize their outlook and operations. Because of these powerful forces for globalization, organizations must explore project opportunities all over the world. Technology is changing at a rate greater than at any time in history. One of the most dramatic technological changes affecting the work environment is the rapid expansion of information system technology. This technological revolution is having a profound impact on project structures, power relationships and the management of complex project interfaces. Artificial intelligence, computerintegrated manufacturing and virtual reality are creating new project opportunities in terms of their development and applications. Technology eliminates the problems of physical distance. Audio/Video conferences create the personal and direct interaction that is needed to work as a team. Engineering and manufacturing industries are assisted by robotics and computer-based design and manufacturing techniques like CAD. Fast-changing consumer preferences caused by rapid and frequent technological changes and innovations have shortened the life cycle of several goods and services. The effects of rapid product obsolescence can be dramatic for organizations which cannot adapt and quickly handle this situation. In the pharmaceutical and electronics industries, some products become obsolete in as little six months. Projects aimed at developing products and services in such industries must adapt to this rate of change in a cost-effective manner to be successful. Fig. 1 about a modern change management process showed that change management starts with a (re-)definition of the current enterprise strategy. Deciding upon the right business strategy stands therefore at the beginning of every change process.  The process of finding the right strategy is illustrated in fig. 2. Figure 2: Finding the right Strategy Countless approaches for strategy definitions are available (e.g. Porter 5-Forces-Model, 7S) and are not topic of this book. Fig. 2 only shows a general approach for the strategic approach during the change process. One step in this approach might differ from a general strategy rehearsal. During a change project, it is necessary to involve an external expert for a strategy audit! A strategy-audit is an important cornerstone for a common image about the general and strategic position of the enterprise. Beside the management or departmental management in particular, the persons who are involved in marketing and sales and therefore have a direct customer contact and should be involved at this stage. The second step in the â€Å"top-down† part has been process analysis. The process analysis reflects the modelling of the existing processes. Participative reconstruction of the processes and the visualisation of the expectations, strengths and weaknesses for the initialization of a lasting change is required. A review process (iterative vote process with the employees questioned) is mandatory. The following stage of process (re-)design cannot be separated with regard to the method and the modelling tools from the process analysis. It is only to be distinguished as an â€Å"incremental† process optimisation and a â€Å"radical† reorganisation of the enterprise processes. The target of the top-down process analysis is firstly the elimination of all non value-increasing activities and secondly the optimisation of all remaining activities. 3.2 Initiating a Bottom-Up Change Managing organizational change from the bottom-up will be more successful if some simple principles are applied. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation and, above all, consultation and involvement of the people affected by those changes. If change is forced, problems will arise. Change must be realistic, achievable and measurable. These aspects are especially relevant to managing personal change. Before starting organizational change, the question of strategic change has to be answered: What do we want to achieve with this change, why, and how will we  know that the change has been achieved? Who is affected by this change, and how will they react to it? How much of this change can we achieve ourselves, and what parts of the change do we need help with? These aspects relate strongly to the management of personal as well as organizational change. Change needs to be understood and managed in a way that people can cope effectively with it. Change can be unsettling, so the manager logically needs to be a settling influence. Whenever an organization imposes new things on people there will be difficulties. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are the important factors. Workshops are very useful processes to develop collective understanding, approaches, policies, methods, systems, ideas, etc. Staff surveys are a helpful way to repair damage and mistrust among staff – provided you allow people to complete them anonymously, and provided you publish and act on the findings. Management training, empathy and facilitative capability are priority areas – managers are crucial to the change process – they must enable and facilitate, not merely convey and implement policy from above, which does not work – Change must involve the people change must not be imposed upon the people. One has to be wary of expressions like ‘mindset change’, and ‘changing people’s mindsets’ or ‘changing attitudes’, because this language often indicates a tendency towards imposed or enforced change and it implies strongly that the organization believes that its people currently have the ‘wrong’ mindset, which is never, ever, the case. If people are not approaching their tasks or the organization effectively, then the organization has the wrong mindset, not the people. Change such as new structures, policies, targets, acquisitions, disposals, re-locations, etc., all create new systems and environments, which need to be explained to people as early as possible, so that people’s involvement in validating and refining the changes themselves can be obtained. The following change management principles should be adopted]: At all times involve and agree support from people within the system (system = environment, processes, culture, relationships, behaviours, etc., whether personal or organizational). Understand where you/the organization is at the moment. Understand where you want to be, when, why, and what the measures will be for getting there. Plan development towards No.3 above in appropriate, achievable measurable stages. Communicate, involve, enable and facilitate  involvement from people, as early, openly and as fully as is possible.